THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION


v  INTRO:
     The industries in England underwent great changes during the second half of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century.  These changes are referred to as industrial revolution.  The industrial revolution is not an event but a process.  England the agricultural country was transformed to a manufacturing country with the coming  of machinery.
v  CAUSES
     The industrial revolution started in England, before the other countries in Europe, because of her political and financial stability.  England was free from foreign invasions.  The trading companies made a lot of profit.  So capital was available for investing in the industries.  Cotton and coal were in abundance in England.  More over the coal and iron mines were near the industrial sites.  Cheap labor was available.  The English colonies supplied raw materials and served as markets for finished products.  Great Britain’s geographical position was suitable for foreign trade.  The navigable rivers of England offered means of internal communications.
v  TEXTILE INDUSTRY
     The first change came in the textile industry with the invention of john key’s flying shuttle in 1733.  James Hargreaves made the spinning-jenny in 1764. N this speeded up the making of yarn.  In 1769 Richard Arkwright made his machine run with water power.  So it was called the water frame.  Samuel Crompton combined the merits of Arkwright and Hargreaves, machine and produced the spinning mule’ in 1779.  Edmund cart right invented the power loom in 1785 which increased the speed of weaving.
v  IRON INDUSTRY
     Iron industry was one foot the major industries of England.  A new method was discovered to turn coal into coke and the coke was used to smelt iron.  Use of Cooke in furnaces doubled the iron production.  In places like south Wales and south Yorkshire, coal and iron were found together.  The iron and coal industries in these regions developed much.  Newcomer made a steam engine in 1705 to pump water out of the coal mines.  This steam engine was perfected by James watt.
v  TRANSPORT
     Great changes took place in the field to transportation, as there was no effective highway authority, the roads were in very bad conditions before the revolution, after the revolution goods were produced in a large scale and they were to be transported to cities and seaports.  So a number of road acts were passed and turnpike trustees were formed.  John Metcalfe, a blind man designed many roads and Thomas Telford improved the methods of creating a firm road surface and constructed many bridges and canals.  John macadam taught a new way of road lying.  In 1840 there were 22000 miles of good turnpike roads in England with 8000 tollgates.
v  INLAND NAVIGATION
       From the Middle Ages England’s natural waterways had served as trade routes.  In the 18th century many schemes were carried out for the navigation of the rivers and the construction of new artificial water ways.  Duke of Bridge water connected his collieries in work of Manchester by canal.  He was the one who built the great canal known as the bridge water canal.  Soon different parts of the country were connected by a net work of canal which stimulated both Island and overseas trade.
v  RAILWAY LINES
     George Stephenson invented the first locomotive and the first railway line was opened between Stockton and Darlington in 1825.  Later the railway lines between Liverpool and Manchester were opened.  Steam was also used for water transport.  The first steam boat ran between Glasgow and Greenock in 1812.  After that a tremendous progress took place in ocean navigation.
v  RESULTS
     The industrial revolution not only increased production but also the population in England.  New industrial towns like Birmingham and Manchester sprang up.  Poor people lived in dirty slums in these smoky towns.  The insanitary conditions of there over crowded cities bred diseases.  So wealth was acquired at the cost of health.  The old friendly relationship between the employer and employee had disappeared.  Material prosperity increased, but spirituality receded.  The industrial revolution made England, the workshop of the world.  As a result of the large scale production of goods, their prices fell and so there was greater demand for goods which resulted in the employment for more people.
v  CONCLUSION;
     The Industrial revolution had brought about a thorough and drastic change in the industrial methods of England.  

Comments

A.sherifasujath said…
useful information
aafreen.alaudeen 1st ba eng said…
its great and useful....
sudha.M said…
its informative but switch on to some other topics. its kind request.
S.Kalai II.M.A.Eng said…
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R.Rajeshwari II.M.A.Eng said…
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B.Deepika II.M.A.Eng said…
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M.Subi II.M.A.Eng said…
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S.Nandhu II.M.A.Eng said…
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J.Nandi II.M.A.Eng said…
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