THE AMERICAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE



v  INTRODUCTION
     The war of American independence was an event of national and international significance.  It was an outcome of the domineering and ruler ways of the English king, George iii.   It was also due to the uncompromising spirit of independence of the colonists.
v  BRITISH TRADE MONOPOLY
     The trade monopoly of Britain was detrimental to the economy of America.  America was prohibited from producing things like hats, steel woolen or iron products which might compete with English industry.  England regarded the colonies as markets for her finished products and also the sources of raw materials for her factories.  The American colonists could not tolerate the interference in their trade.
v  NAVIGATION ACT
     The colonists were irritated by the navigation act of 1660 according to this act all goods to and from the colonies had to be carried in English ships.  It prohibited America from importing cotton, sugar tobacco hide and ship building materials from any county other than England and it also provided that all goods from America were too be exported only through England.
v  STAMP ACT
     In 1765 George Greenville, the prime minister passed the stamp act, which provided that all the legal documents in America were to be stamped.  The money raised by this taxation had to be spent on maintaining the standing army in America.  The colonists protested against the act.  They felt that the standing army was not necessary and so the stamp act was unnecessary.  Their slogan was; no taxation without representation.  Men like William pit realized the seriousness of the situation and made the parliament repeal the act in 1766.
v  BOSTON MASSACRE
     Charles Townshend in 1767 imposed a series of customs duties on paper, paint, glass and tea.  As the people resented, the duties on other things except tea were repealed.  The rebels continued their agitation to with draw the duty on tea also.  So the police fired at the rebels and five were killed.  This was described as 'Boston massacre’ by the American newspapers.
v  BOSTON TEA PARTY
     Lord North passed the tea act, which allowed the east India Company to send its tea directly to America and sell it there.  Though the tax imposed on that team was very marginal, the Americans considered it as trade interference.  So, when the English ships arrived at the port of the Boston, some local men disguised as red Indians, entered the ship and threw the tea into the sea.  This event was known as the famous Boston tea party.
v  THE REACTION OF THE ENGLISH GOVERNMENT
The British government took repressive measures.  The Boston port was closed down.  The charter of Massachusetts was cancelled.  The Quebec act granted religious freedom to the Canadian Catholics.
v  CONTINENTAL CONGRESS;
     The colonists felt that it was high time for them to fight for their independence.  So the representatives of all the colonies.  Except Georgia, met at Philadelphia in 1774.  This gathering, held by George Washington was called the first continental congress.  They issued a declaration of rights and decided to meet again in 1775.
v  THE BEGINNING OF OTHER WAR
     General Gage came to know about the gathering of arms at concord by the colonists, so he sent his troops to confiscate the arms.  By the time the troop’s reached Concorde, the arms had disappeared.  On their return journey they were attacked by the American army and thus the war of independence began.
v  THE COURSE OF THE WAR
     The American army was headed by George Washington. Though they had initial defeats, the soldiers gained experience and were able to beat the British army at the end.  The congress met again at Philadelphia and issued the unanimous declaration of independence on July 4th 1776.  It was drawn by Thomas Jefferson and it laid stress on the inalienable rights of men such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.  Washington defeated the English army in 1777 and the English surrendered at Sara toga. France, Spain and gland joined America and Russia formed and armed neutrality against the British.  Finally in 1781 the English surrendered to the American army at Yorktown.
v  CAUSES FOR THE BRITISH DEFEAT
     The chief reason for the defeat was the British government had to conduct its campaigns from 3000 miles away.  The area of fighting was large and the English soldiers had no experience of fighting in colonial conditions.  Lord North, the prime minister was incompetent.  France joining America was a great shock to England.  The American had the able leadership of George Washington.
v  EFFECTS OF THE WAR
      The will of the people outweighed the wishes of the kings.  The war of American independence, agreed event in history resulted in the birth of a new mighty nation.  The French soldiers got inspiration from the American Revolution.  The Americans showed in practice that a revolution was justified to change the government that had become popular.  The thirteen colonies had become independent and George Washington was the first president of America.
     The American Revolution had its impact on British politics.  The people had realized that their participation in the administration was essential for their welfare, so they started agitating for parliamentary reforms.  The American victory had taught a political and moral lesson to the domineering England.

v  CONCLUSION
     The war American independence made England realize the hazards of unreasonable exploitation of its colonies.


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