BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS

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                                                        BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS

        Linguistics aims to discover the science of languages, how they originate and evolved and further how our mind perceives them to communicate. For those who love learning new languages, this area of study is specifically of interest as it can help you learn the roots and history of any language thus unravelling the whole world of even the simplest language or dialect. Linguistics is a broad area of study and encompasses varied specializations for students to choose from. This blog brings you a detailed list of major branches of linguistics, their key features as well as how you can make a successful career in linguistics.

 ★Phonology Sounds in a speech in cognitive terms

 ★Psycholinguistics Psychological aspects of Language & Linguistics

 ★Sociolinguistics Study of the impact of society on Language & Linguistics 

 ★Historical Linguistics Study of evolution and origins of Languages 

 ★Computational Linguistics Study of spoken and written language in computations & programming 

 ★Applied Linguistics Study of real-life applications of Linguistics

 ★Phonetics Study of sounds in a speech in physical terms 

 ★Syntax Study of formation and structure of sentences 

 ★Semantics Study of meanings 

 ★Morphology Study of the formation of words 

 ★Pragmatics Study of the use of language(s) 

 ★Comparative Linguistics Study of similar and dissimilar aspects of common-origin languages 

 ★Stylistics Study and interpretation of style and tones in Languages 

STRUCTURAL LINGUISTICS: 

     Structural linguistics, or structuralism, in linguistics, denotes schools or theories in which language is conceived as a self-contained, self-regulating semiotic system whose elements are defined by their relationship to other elements within the system. It is derived from the work of Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure and is part of the overall approach of structuralism. Saussure's Course in General Linguistics, published posthumously in 1916, stressed examining language as a dynamic system of interconnected units. Saussure is also known for introducing several basic dimensions of semiotic analysis that are still important today. 

    Two of these are his key methods of syntagmatic and paradigmatic analysis, which define units syntactically and lexically, respectively, according to their contrast with the other units in the system. Structuralism as a term, however, was not used by Saussure, who called the approach semiology. The term structuralism is derived from sociologist Émile Durkheim's antiDarwinian modification of Herbert Spencer's organic analogy which draws a parallel between social structures and the organs of an organism which have different functions or purposes.

     Similar analogies and metaphors were used in the historical-comparative linguistics that Saussure was part of. Saussure himself made a modification of August Schleicher's language–species analogy, based on William Dwight Whitney's critical writings, to turn focus to the internal elements of the language organism, or system. Nonetheless, structural linguistics became mainly associated with Saussure's notion of language as a dual interactive system of symbols and concepts. The term structuralism was adopted to linguistics after Saussure's death by the Prague school linguists Roman Jakobson and Nikolai Trubetzkoy; while the term structural linguistics was coined by Louis Hjelmslev.

 SOCIOLINGUISTICS:

     Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that studies how social factors impact language use. Examples of sociolinguistic study include gendered language differences, regional differences, and how social class impacts language use. sociolinguistics, the study of the sociological aspects of language. The discipline concerns itself with the part language plays in maintaining the social roles in a community. There are two branches of sociolinguistics which approach this issue in different ways. These two branches are interactionist and variationist sociolinguistics.

 PSYCHOLINGUISTICS: 

     Psycholinguistics is the discipline that investigates and describes the psychological processes that make it possible for humans to master and use language. Psycholinguists conduct research on speech development and language development and how individuals of all ages comprehend and produce language. Psycholinguistics is the study of how the psyche responds to words and languages. An example of psycholinguistics is a study of how certain words represent traumatic events for some people. noun. 4. The study of the influence of psychological factors on the development, use, and interpretation of language. Psycholinguistics covers three main aspects namely : (a) Language Comprehension, (b) Language Production and, (c) Language Acquisition. 

NEUROLINGUISTICS: 

     Neurolinguistics is the study of neural mechanisms in the human brain that controls the comprehension, production, and acquisition of language. As an interdisciplinary field, neurolinguistics draws methods and theories from fields such as neuroscience, linguistics, cognitive science, communication disorders and neuropsychology. Researchers are drawn to the field from a variety of backgrounds, bringing along a variety of experimental techniques as well as widely varying theoretical perspectives. Much work in neurolinguistics is informed by models in psycholinguistics and theoretical linguistics and is focused on investigating how the brain can implement the processes that theoretical and psycholinguistics propose are necessary for producing and comprehending language. Neurolinguistics study the physiological mechanisms by which the brain processes information related to language, and evaluates linguistic and psycholinguistic theories, using aphasiology, brain imaging, electrophysiology, and computer modelling.

 APPLIED LINGUISTICS:

     Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field which identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems. Some of the academic fields related to applied linguistics are education, psychology, communication research, information science, natural language processing, anthropology, and sociology

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